When using the Azure Command Line Interface (CLI), it is often necessary to explicitly state which region you want to perform an operation in.  For example, when creating a resource group

az group create --name <rg_name> --location <location>

Where you replace <location>with the region where you want to create the resource group. You may have a region in mind (South Central US perhaps) or you may be wondering which regions are available. Either way, it is helpful to see the list of all possible values for <location> in commands like the one above.

The way to do this is with the following command

az account list-locations

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[
  {
    "displayName": "East Asia",
    "id": "/subscriptions/1ce68363-bb47-4365-b243-7451a25611c4/locations/eastasia",
    "latitude": "22.267",
    "longitude": "114.188",
    "name": "eastasia",
    "subscriptionId": null
  },
  {
    "displayName": "Southeast Asia",
    "id": "/subscriptions/1ce68363-bb47-4365-b243-7451a25611c4/locations/southeastasia",
    "latitude": "1.283",
    "longitude": "103.833",
    "name": "southeastasia",
    "subscriptionId": null
  },
  {
    "displayName": "Central US",
    "id": "/subscriptions/1ce68363-bb47-4365-b243-7451a25611c4/locations/centralus",
    "latitude": "41.5908",
    "longitude": "-93.6208",
    "name": "centralus",
    "subscriptionId": null

Let’s get the output in a more human readable table format.

az account list-locations -o table

DisplayName           Latitude    Longitude    Name
--------------------  ----------  -----------  ------------------
East Asia             22.267      114.188      eastasia
Southeast Asia        1.283       103.833      southeastasia
Central US            41.5908     -93.6208     centralus
East US               37.3719     -79.8164     eastus
East US 2             36.6681     -78.3889     eastus2
West US               37.783      -122.417     westus
North Central US      41.8819     -87.6278     northcentralus
South Central US      29.4167     -98.5        southcentralus
North Europe          53.3478     -6.2597      northeurope
West Europe           52.3667     4.9          westeurope
Japan West            34.6939     135.5022     japanwest
Japan East            35.68       139.77       japaneast
Brazil South          -23.55      -46.633      brazilsouth
Australia East        -33.86      151.2094     australiaeast
Australia Southeast   -37.8136    144.9631     australiasoutheast
South India           12.9822     80.1636      southindia
Central India         18.5822     73.9197      centralindia
West India            19.088      72.868       westindia
Canada Central        43.653      -79.383      canadacentral
Canada East           46.817      -71.217      canadaeast
UK South              50.941      -0.799       uksouth
UK West               53.427      -3.084       ukwest
West Central US       40.890      -110.234     westcentralus
West US 2             47.233      -119.852     westus2
Korea Central         37.5665     126.9780     koreacentral
Korea South           35.1796     129.0756     koreasouth
France Central        46.3772     2.3730       francecentral
France South          43.8345     2.1972       francesouth
Australia Central     -35.3075    149.1244     australiacentral
Australia Central 2   -35.3075    149.1244     australiacentral2
UAE Central           24.466667   54.366669    uaecentral
UAE North             25.266666   55.316666    uaenorth
South Africa North    -25.731340  28.218370    southafricanorth
South Africa West     -34.075691  18.843266    southafricawest
Switzerland North     47.451542   8.564572     switzerlandnorth
Switzerland West      46.204391   6.143158     switzerlandwest
Germany North         53.073635   8.806422     germanynorth
Germany West Central  50.110924   8.682127     germanywestcentral
Norway West           58.969975   5.733107     norwaywest
Norway East           59.913868   10.752245    norwayeast

The entries in the Name column are valid options for 安卓上推特教程 in the command we started out with.

Feel free to discuss and contribute to this article over at the corresponding GitHub repo.

Many people suggest that you should use version control as part of your scientifc workflow. This is usually quickly followed up by recommendations to learn git and to put your project on GitHub. Learning and doing all of this for the first time takes a lot of effort. Alongside all of the recommendations to learn these technologies are horror stories telling how difficult it can be and memes saying that no one really knows what they are doing!

There are a lot of reasons to not embrace the git but there are even more to go ahead and do it. This is an attempt to convince you that it’s all going to be worth it alongside a bunch of resources that make it easy to get started and academic papers discussing the issues that version control can help resolve.

This document will not address how to do version control but will instead try to answer the questions what you can do with it and why you should bother. It was inspired by a conversation on twitter.

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Is this a familiar sight in your working directory?

mycode.py
mycode_jane.py
mycode_ver1b.py
mycode_ver1c.py
mycode_ver1b_january.py
mycode_ver1b_january_BROKEN.py
mycode_ver1b_january_FIXED.py
mycode_ver1b_january_FIXED_for_supervisor.py

For many people, this is just the beginning. For a project that has existed long enough there might be dozens or even hundreds of these simple scripts that somehow define all of part of your computational workflow. Version control isn’t being used because ‘The code is just a simple script developed by one person’ and yet this situation is already becoming the breeding ground for future problems.

• Which one of these files is the most up to date?
• Which one produced the results in your latest paper or report?
• Which one contains the new work that will lead to your next paper?
• Which ones contain deep flaws that should never be used as part of the research?
• Which ones contain possibly useful ideas that have since been removed from the most recent version?

Applying version control to this situation would lead you to a folder containing just one file

mycode.py

All of the other versions will still be available via the commit history. Nothing is ever lost and you’ll be able to effectively go back in time to any version of mycode.py you like.

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I’ve even seen folders like the one above passed down generations of PhD students like some sort of family heirloom. I’ve seen labs where multple such folders exist across a dozen machines, each one with a mixture of duplicated and unique files. That is, not only is there a confusing mess of files in a folder but there is a confusing mess of these folders!

This can even be true when only one person is working on a project. Perhaps you have one version of your folder on your University HPC cluster, one on your home laptop and one on your work machine. Perhaps you email zipped versions to yourself from time to time. There are many everyday events that can lead to this state of affairs.

By using a GitHub repository you have a single point of truth for your project. The latest version is there. All old versions are there. All discussion about it is there.

Everything…one place.

The power of this simple idea cannot be overstated. Whenever you (or anyone else) wants to use or continue working on your project, it is always obvious where to go. Never again will you waste several days work only to realise that you weren’t working on the latest version.

Keeping track of everything that changed

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It is possible to compare the differences between any two commits, not just two consecutive ones which allows you to track the evolution of your project over time.

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Ever noticed how your collaborator turns up unnanounced just as you are in the middle of hacking on your code. They want you to show them your simulation running but right now its broken! You frantically try some of the other files in your folder but none of them seem to be the version that was working last week when you sent the report that moved your collaborator to come to see you.

If you were using version control you could easily stash your current work, revert to the last good commit and show off your work.

Tracking down what went wrong

You are always changing that script and you test it as much as you can but the fact is that the version from last year is giving correct results in some edge case while your current version is not. There are 100 versions between the two and there’s a lot of code in each version! When did this edge case start to go wrong?

With git you can use git bisect to help you track down which commit started causing the problem which is the first step towards fixing it.

Providing a back up of your project

Try this thought experiment: Your laptop/PC has gone! Fire, theft, dead hard disk or crazed panda attack.

It, and all of it’s contents have vanished forever. How do you feel? What’s running through your mind? If you feel the icy cold fingers of dread crawling up your spine as you realise Everything related to my PhD/project/life’s work is lost then you have made bad life choices. In particular, you made a terrible choice when you neglected to take back ups.

Of course there are many ways to back up a project but if you are using the standard version control workflow, your code is automatically backed up as a matter of course. You don’t have to remember to back things up, back-ups happen as a natural result of your everyday way of doing things.

Making your project easier to find and install

There are dozens of ways to distribute your software to someone else. You could (HORRORS!) email the latest version to a colleuage or you could have a .zip file on your web site and so on.

Each of these methods has a small cognitive load for both recipient and sender. You need to make sure that you remember to update that .zip file on your website and your user needs to find it. I don’t want to talk about the email case, it makes me too sad. If you and your collaborator are emailing code to each other, please stop. Think of the children!

One great thing about using GitHub is that it is a standardised way of obtaining software. When someone asks for your code, you send them the URL of the repo. Assuming that the world is a better place and everyone knows how to use git, you don’t need to do anything else since the repo URL is all they need to get your code. a git clone later and they are in business.

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In addition to this, some popular computational environments now allow you to install packages directly from GitHub. If, for example, you are following standard good practice for building an R package then a user can install it directly from your GitHub repo from within R using the ios上推特教程 function.

Automatically run all of your tests

You’ve sipped of the KoolAid and you’ve been writing unit tests like a pro. GitHub allows you to link your repo with something called Continuous Integration (CI) that helps maximise the utility of those tests.

Once its all set up the CI service runs every time you, or anyone else, makes a commit to your project. Every time the CI service runs, a virtual machine is created from scratch, your project is installed into it and all of your tests are run with any failures reported.

This gives you increased confidence that everything is OK with your latest version and you can choose to only accept commits that do not break your testing framework.

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How git and GitHub can make it easier to collaborate with others on computational projects.

Control exactly who can see your work

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Faciliate discussion about your work

Every GitHub repo comes with an Issues section which is effectively a discussion forum for the project. You can use it to keep track of your project To-Do list, bugs, documentation discussions and so on. The issues log can also be integrated with your commit history. This allows you to do things like git commit -m "Improve the foo algorithm according to the discussion in #34" where #34 refers to the Issue discussion where your collaborator pointed out

Allow others to contribute to your work

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I start with the above statement because I’ve found that when explaining how easy it is to collaborate on GitHub, the first question is almost always ‘How do I keep control of all of this?’

What happens is that anyone can ‘fork’ your project into their account. That is, they have an independent copy of your work that is clearly linked back to your original. They can happily work away on their copy as much as they like – with no involvement from you. If and when they want to suggest that some of their modifications should go into your original version, they make a ‘Pull Request’.

I emphasised the word ‘Request’ because that’s exactly what it is. You can completely ignore it if you want and your project will remain unchanged. Alternatively you might choose to discuss it with the contributor and make modifications of your own before accepting it. At the other end of the spectrum you might simply say ‘looks cool’ and accept it immediately.

Congratulations, you’ve just found a contributing collaborator.

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How git and GitHub can contribute to improved reproducible research.

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A paper published without the supporting software and data is (much!) harder to reproduce than one that has both.

Making your software citable

Most modern research cannot be done without some software element. Even if all you did was run a simple statistical test on 20 small samples, your paper has a data and software dependency. Organisations such as the Software Sustainability Institute and the UK Research Software Engineering Association (among many others) have been arguing for many years that such software and data dependencies should be part of the scholarly record alongside the papers that discuss them. That is, they should be archived and referenced with a permanent Digital Object Identifier (DOI).

Once your code is in GitHub, it is straightforward to archive the version that goes with your latest paper and get it its own DOI using services such as Zenodo. Your University may also have its own archival system. For example, The University of Sheffield in the UK has built a system called ORDA which is based on an institutional Figshare instance which allows Sheffield academics to deposit code and data for long term archival.

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Anyone who has worked with software long enough knows that simply stating the name of the software you used is often insufficient to ensure that someone else could reproduce your results. To help improve the odds, you should state exactly which version of the software you used and one way to do this is to refer to the git commit hash. Alternatively, you could go one step better and make a GitHub release of the version of your project used for your latest paper, get it a DOI and cite it.

This doesn’t guarentee reproducibility but its a step in the right direction. For extra points, you may consider making the computational environment reproducible too (e.g. all of the dependencies used by your script – Python modules, R packages and so on) using technologies such as Docker, Conda and MRAN but further discussion of these is out of scope for this article.

Building a computational environment based on your repository

Once your project is on GitHub, it is possible to integrate it with many other online services. One such service is mybinder which allows the generation of an executable environment based on the contents of your repository. This makes your code immediately reproducible by anyone, anywhere.

Similar projects are popping up elsewhere such as The Littlest JupyterHub deploy to Azure button which allows you to add a button to your GitHub repo that, when pressed by a user, builds a server in their Azure cloud account complete with your code and a computational environment specified by you along with a JupterHub instance that allows them to run Jupyter notebooks. This allows you to write interactive papers based on your software and data that can be used by anyone.

Complying with funding and journal guidelines

When I started teaching and advocating the use of technologies such as git I used to make a prediction These practices are so obviously good for computational research that they will one day be mandated by journal editors and funding providers. As such, you may as well get ahead of the curve and start using them now before the day comes when your funding is cut off because you don’t. The resulting debate was usually good fun.

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It’s not just about code…..

• Build your own websites using GitHub pasges. Every repo can have its own website served directly from GitHub
• Put your presentations on GitHub. I use reveal.js combined with GitHub pages to build and serve my presentations. That way, whenever I turn up at an event to speak I can use whatever computer is plugged into the projector. No more ‘I don’t have the right adaptor’ hell for me.
• Write your next grant proposal. Use Markdown, LaTex or some other git-friendly text format and use git and GitHub to collaboratively write your next grant proposal

The movie below is a visualisation showing how a large H2024 grant proposal called OpenDreamKit was built on GitHub. Can you guess when the deadline was based on the activity?

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快连加速器官网入口-lets快连加速– -快连vρn加速器-快连app安卓下载

Further discussions from scientific computing practitioners that discuss using version control as part of a healthy approach to scientific computing

• Good Enough Practices in Scientific Computing –
• Is Your Research Software Correct? – A presentation from Mike Croucher discussing what can go wrong in computational research and what practices can be adopted to do help us do better
• The Turing Way A handbook of good practice in data science brought to you from the Alan Turning Institute
• A guide to reproducible code in ecology and evolution – A handbook from the British Ecological Society that discusses version control as part of general good practice

Learning version control

Convinced? Want to start learning? Let’s begin!

• Git lesson from Software Carpentry – A free, community written tutorial on the basics of git version control

Graphical User Interfaces to git

If you prefer not to use the command line, try these

• 国内上twitter教程
• Git Kracken

My stepchildren are pretty good at mathematics for their age and have recently learned about Pythagora’s theorem

$c=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}$

The fact that they have learned about this so early in their mathematical lives is testament to its importance. Pythagoras is everywhere in computational science and it may well be the case that you’ll need to compute the hypotenuse to a triangle some day.

Fortunately for you, this important computation is implemented in every computational environment I can think of!
It’s almost always called hypot so it will be easy to find.
Here it is in action using Python’s numpy module

import numpy as np
a = 3
b = 4
np.hypot(3,4)

5

When I’m out and about giving talks and tutorials about Research Software Engineering, High Performance Computing and so on, I often get the chance to mention the hypot function and it turns out that fewer people know about this routine than you might expect.

Trivial Calculation? Do it Yourself!

Such a trivial calculation, so easy to code up yourself! Here’s a one-line implementation

def mike_hypot(a,b):
    return(np.sqrt(a*a+b*b))

In use it looks fine

mike_hypot(3,4)

5.0

Overflow and Underflow

I could probably work for quite some time before I found that my implementation was flawed in several places. Here’s one

mike_hypot(1e154,1e154)

inf

You would, of course, expect the result to be large but not infinity. Numpy doesn’t have this problem

np.hypot(1e154,1e154)

1.414213562373095e+154

My function also doesn’t do well when things are small.

a = mike_hypot(1e-200,1e-200)

0.0

but again, the more carefully implemented hypot function in numpy does fine.

np.hypot(1e-200,1e-200)

1.414213562373095e-200

Standards Compliance

Next up — standards compliance. It turns out that there is a an official standard for how hypot implementations should behave in certain edge cases. The IEEE-754 standard for floating point arithmetic has something to say about how any implementation of hypot handles NaNs (Not a Number) and inf (Infinity).

It states that any implementation of hypot should behave as follows (Here’s a human readable summary http://www.agner.org/optimize/nan_propagation.pdf)

hypot(nan,inf) = hypot(inf,nan) = inf

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np.hypot(np.nan,np.inf)

inf

np.hypot(np.inf,np.nan)

inf

My implementation does not

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So in summary, my implementation is

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• Not standards compliant

That’s a lot of mistakes for one line of code! Of course, we can do better with a small number of extra lines of code as John D Cook demonstrates in the blog post What’s so hard about finding a hypotenuse?

Hypot implementations in production

Production versions of the hypot function, however, are much more complex than you might imagine. The source code for the implementation used in openlibm (used by Julia for example) was 132 lines long last time I checked. Here’s a screenshot of part of the implementation I saw for prosterity. At the time of writing the code is at http://github.com/JuliaMath/openlibm/blob/master/src/e_hypot.c

That’s what bullet-proof, bug checked, has been compiled on every platform you can imagine and survived code looks like.

There’s more!

Active Research

When I learned how complex production versions of hypot could be, I shouted out about it on twitter and learned that the story of hypot was far from over!

The implementation of the hypot function is still a matter of active research! See the paper here http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09481

Is Your Research Software Correct?

Given that such a ‘simple’ computation is so complicated to implement well, consider your own code and ask Is Your Research Software Correct?.

In many introductions to numpy, one gets taught about np.ones, np.zeros and np.empty. The accepted wisdom is that np.empty will be faster than np.ones because it doesn’t have to waste time doing all that initialisation. A quick test in a Jupyter notebook shows that this seems to be true!

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20 times faster may well be useful in production when using really big matrices. Might even be worth the risk of dealing with uninitialised variables even though they are scary!

However…..on my machine (Windows 10, Microsoft Surface Book 2 with 16Gb RAM), we see the following behaviour with a larger matrix size (1000 x 1000).

import numpy as np

N = 1000
zero_time = %timeit -o some_zeros = np.zeros((N,N))
empty_time = %timeit -o empty_matrix = np.empty((N,N))
print('np.empty is {0} times faster than np.zeros'.format(zero_time.average/empty_time.average))


113 µs ± 2.97 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000 loops each)
112 µs ± 1.01 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000 loops each)
np.empty is 1.0094651980894993 times faster than np.zeros

The speed-up has vanished! A 最佳iPhone / iPad清洁器应用程序：免费清理iOS 13/12上的 ...:垃圾文件和应用程序缓存会降低iPhone的速度，占用大量存储空间并降低iPhone性能。 为了充分利用和加快iPhone的运行速度，在此我伔建议使用最好的iPhone清洁程序，众帮助您轻松清理iOS 12 / iOS 13设备上的垃圾文件，应用程序缓存，Web cookie，临时文件 suggests that this is probably because the operating system is zeroing all of the memory for security reasons when using numpy.empty on large arrays.

What is Second Order Cone Programming (SOCP)?

Second Order Cone Programming (SOCP) problems are a type of optimisation problem that have applications in many areas of science, finance and engineering. A summary of the type of problems that can make use of SOCP, including things as diverse as designing antenna arrays, finite impulse response (FIR) filters and structural equilibrium problems can be found in the paper ‘Applications of Second Order Cone Programming’ by Lobo et al. There are also a couple of examples of using SOCP for portfolio optimisation in the GitHub repository of the Numerical Algorithms Group (NAG).

A large scale SOCP solver was one of the highlights of the Mark 27 release of the NAG library (See here for a poster about its performance). Those who have used the NAG library for years will expect this solver to have interfaces in Fortran and C and, of course, they are there. In addition to this is the fact that Mark 27 of the NAG Library for Python was released at the same time as the Fortran and C interfaces which reflects the importance of Python in today’s numerical computing landscape.

Here’s a quick demo of how the new SOCP solver works in Python. The code is based on a notebook in NAG’s PythonExamples GitHub repository.

NAG’s handle_solve_socp_ipm function (also known as e04pt) is a solver from the NAG optimization modelling suite for large-scale second-order cone programming (SOCP) problems based on an interior point method (IPM).

$$
\begin{array}{ll}
{\underset{x \in \mathbb{R}^{n}}{minimize}\ } & {c^{T}x} \\
\text{subject to} & {l_{A} \leq Ax \leq u_{A}\text{,}} \\
& {l_{x} \leq x \leq u_{x}\text{,}} \\
& {x \in \mathcal{K}\text{,}} \\
\end{array}
$$

where $\mathcal{K} = \mathcal{K}^{n_{1}} \times \cdots \times \mathcal{K}^{n_{r}} \times \mathbb{R}^{n_{l}}$ is a Cartesian product of quadratic (second-order type) cones and $n_{l}$-dimensional real space, and $n = \sum_{i = 1}^{r}n_{i} + n_{l}$ is the number of decision variables. Here $c$, $x$, $l_x$ and $u_x$ are $n$-dimensional vectors.

$A$ is an $m$ by $n$ sparse matrix, and $l_A$ and $u_A$ and are $m$-dimensional vectors. Note that $x \in \mathcal{K}$ partitions subsets of variables into quadratic cones and each $\mathcal{K}^{n_{i}}$ can be either a quadratic cone or a rotated quadratic cone. These are defined as follows:

• Quadratic cone:

$$
\mathcal{K}_{q}^{n_{i}} := \left\{ {z = \left\{ {z_{1},z_{2},\ldots,z_{n_{i}}} \right\} \in {\mathbb{R}}^{n_{i}} \quad\quad : \quad\quad z_{1}^{2} \geq \sum\limits_{j = 2}^{n_{i}}z_{j}^{2},\quad\quad\quad z_{1} \geq 0} \right\}\text{.}
$$

• Rotated quadratic cone:

$$
\mathcal{K}_{r}^{n_{i}} := \left\{ {z = \left\{ {z_{1},z_{2},\ldots,z_{n_{i}}} \right\} \in {\mathbb{R}}^{n_{i}}\quad\quad:\quad \quad\quad 2z_{1}z_{2} \geq \sum\limits_{j = 3}^{n_{i}}z_{j}^{2}, \quad\quad z_{1} \geq 0, \quad\quad z_{2} \geq 0} \right\}\text{.}
$$

For a full explanation of this routine, refer to e04ptc in the NAG Library Manual

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This example, derived from the documentation for the handle_set_group function solves the following SOCP problem

minimize $${10.0x_{1} + 20.0x_{2} + x_{3}}$$

from naginterfaces.base import 国内上twitter教程
from naginterfaces.library import opt

# The problem size:
n = 3

# Create the problem handle:
handle = opt.handle_init(nvar=n)

苹果手机上推特教程
opt.handle_set_linobj(handle, cvec=[10.0, 20.0, 1.0])

苹果手机上推特教程
opt.handle_set_simplebounds(
    国内上twitter教程,
    bl=[-2.0, -2.0, -国内iphone怎么上推特],
    bu=[2.0, 2.0, 1.e20]
)

安卓上推特教程
opt.handle_set_linconstr(
    handle,
    bl=[-国内iphone怎么上推特, 1.0],
    bu=[1.5, 1.e20],
    irowb=[1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2],
    icolb=[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3],
    b=[-0.1, -0.1, 1.0, -安卓上推特教程, 1.0, 1.0]
    );

国内iphone怎么上推特
opt.handle_set_group(
    handle,
    gtype='Q',
    group=[ 3,1, 2],
    idgroup=0
);

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for option in [
        'Print Options = NO',
        安卓上推特教程
]:
    opt.handle_opt_set(handle, option)

# Use an explicit I/O manager for abbreviated iteration output:
iom = utils.FileObjManager(locus_in_output=False)

# Call SOCP interior point solver
result = opt.handle_solve_socp_ipm(handle, io_manager=iom)

 ------------------------------------------------
  E04PT, Interior point method for SOCP problems
 ------------------------------------------------

 Status: converged, an optimal solution found
 Final primal objective value -1.951817E+01
 Final dual objective value   -1.951817E+01

result.x

array([-1.26819151, -0.4084294 ,  1.3323379 ])

and the objective function value is

result.国内iphone怎么上推特[0]

-19.51816515094211

Finally, we clean up after ourselves by destroying the handle

# Destroy the handle:
opt.国内苹果怎么上twitter(handle)

As you can see, the way to use the NAG Library for Python interface follows the mathematics quite closely.
NAG also recently added support for the popular cvxpy modelling language that I’ll discuss another time.

Links

• SOCP examples on NAG’s GitHub page
• Poster discussing performance of the NAG SOCP solver

I am a huge user of Anaconda Python and the way I usually get access to the Anaconda Prompt is to start typing ‘Anaconda’ in the Windows search box and click on the link as soon as it pops up. Easy and convenient. Earlier today, however, the Windows 10 menu shortcuts for the Anaconda command line vanished from my machine!

I’m not sure exactly what triggered this but I was heavily messing around with various environments, including the base one, and also installed Visual Studio 2024 Community Edition with all the Python extensions before I noticed that the menu shortcuts had gone missing. No idea what the root cause was.

Fortunately, getting my Anaconda Prompt back was very straightforward:

• launch Anaconda Navigator
• Click on Environments
• Selected base (root)
• Choose Not installed  from the drop down list
• Type for console_ in the search box
• Check the console_shortcut package
• Click Apply and follow the instructions to install the package

HPC! To cloud or not to cloud….

Over the course of my career I have been involved with the provision of High Performance Computing (HPC) at almost every level. As a researcher and research software engineer I have been, and continue to be, a user of many large scale systems.  As a member of research computing support, I was involved in service development and delivery, user-support, system administration and HPC training. Finally, as a member of senior leadership teams, I have been involved in the financial planning and strategic development of institution-wide HPC  services.

In recent years, the question that pops up at every level of involvement with HPC is ‘Should we do this with our own equipment or should we do this in the cloud?’  

This is an extremely complex, multi-dimensional question where the parameters are constantly shifting.  The short, answer is always ‘well…it depends’ and it always does ‘depend’…on many things!  What do you want to do? What is the state of the software that you have available? How much money do you have? How much time do you have? What support do you have? What equipment do you currently have and who else are you working with and so on.

Today, I want to focus on just one of these factors. Cost.  I’m not saying that cost is necessarily the most important consideration in making HPC-related decisions but given that most of us have fixed budgets, it is impossible to ignore.

The value of independence

I have been involved in many discussions of HPC costs over the years and have seen several attempts at making the cloud vs on-premise cost-comparison.  Such attempts are often biased in one direction or the other.  It’s difficult not to be when you have a vested interest in the outcome.

When I chose to leave academia and join industry, I decided to work with the Numerical Algorithms Group (NAG), a research computing company that has been in business for almost 50 years. One reason for choosing them iOS 最新越狱教程 - 简书:2021-1-2 · 大佬推特pwn20wnd 本篇教程适用： 机型：iPhone SE、iPhone 6s 、iPhone 6s Plus、iPhone 7 、iPhone 7 Plus、iPhone 8 、iPhone 8 Plus、iPhone X 系统：iOS 11.0 - 12.1.2 适用人群：广大iOS开发者 工具：安装Xcode的Mac电脑 一台iPhone 越狱流程：安装.  Another was their independence.  NAG are a not-for-profit (yet commercial!) company who literally cannot be bought.  They solve the independence problem by collaborating with pretty much everybody in the industry.

So, NAG are more interested in helping clients solve their technical computing problems than they are in driving them to any given solution.  Cloud or on-premise?  They don’t mind…they just want to help you make the decision.

Explore HPC cost models yourself

NAG’s VP for HPC services and consulting, Andrew Jones (@hpcnotes), has been teaching seminars on Total Cost Of Ownership models for several years at events like the SC Supercomputing conference series.  To support these tutorials, Andrew created a simple, generic TCO model spreadsheet to illustrate the concepts and to show how even a simple TCO model can guide decisions. 

Many people asked if NAG could send them the TCO spreadsheet from the tutorial but they decided to go one better and converted it into a web-form where you can start exploring some of the concepts yourself. 

• Here’s the HPC Total Cost of Ownership calculator for you to play with: http://www.nag.com/content/hpc-tco-calculator

国内上twitter教程

If you want more, get in touch with either me (@walkingrandomly) or Andrew (@hpcnotes) on twitter or email hpc@nag.com.  We’ll also be teaching this type of thing at ISC 2024 so please do join us there too.

My preferred workflow for writing technical documents these days is to write in Markdown (Or Jupyter Notebooks) and then use Pandoc to convert to PDF, Microsoft Word or whatever format is required by the end client.

While working with a markdown file recently, the pandoc conversion to PDF failed with the following error message

! Undefined control sequence.
l.117 \[ \coloneqq

This happens because Pandoc first converts the Markdown file to LaTeX which then gets compiled to PDF and the command \coloneqq isn’t included in any of the LaTeX packages that Pandoc uses by default.

The coloneqq command is in the mathtools package which, on Ubuntu, can be installed using

apt-get install texlive-latex-recommended

Once we have the package installed, we need to tell Pandoc to make use of it. The way I did this was to create a Pandoc metadata file that contained the following

---
header-includes: |
            \usepackage{mathtools}
---

I called this file pandoc_latex.yml and passed it to Pandoc as follows

pandoc --metadata-file=./pandoc_latex.yml ./input.md -o output.pdf

On one system I tried this on, I received the following error message

pandoc: unrecognized option `--metadata-file=./pandoc_latex.yml'

which suggests that the –metadata-file option is a relatively recent addition to Pandoc. I have no idea when this option was added but if this happens to you, you could try installing the latest version from http://github.com/jgm/pandoc/

I used 2.7.1.1 and it was fine so I guess anything later than this should also be OK.

It started with a tweet

While basking in some geek nostalgia on twitter, I discovered that my first ever microcomputer, the Sinclair Spectrum, once had a Fortran compiler

However, that compiler was seemingly lost to history and was declared Missing in Action on World of Spectrum.

A few of us on Twitter enjoyed reading the 1987 review of this Fortran Compiler but since no one had ever uploaded an image of it to the internet, it seemed that we’d never get the chance to play with it ourselves.

I never thought it would come to this

One of the benefits of 5000+ followers on Twitter is that there’s usually someone who knows something interesting about whatever you happen to tweet about and in this instance, that somebody was my fellow Fellow of the Software Sustainability Institute, Barry Rowlingson.  Barry was fairly sure that he’d recently packed a copy of the Mira Fortran Compiler away in his loft and was blissfully unaware of the fact that he was sitting on a missing piece of microcomputing history!

He was right! He did have it in the attic…and members of the community considered it valuable.

As Barry mentioned in his tweet, converting a 40 year old cassette to an archivable .tzx format is a process that could result in permanent failure.  The attempt on side 1 of the cassette didn’t work but fortunately, side 2 is where the action was!

It turns out that everything worked perfectly.  On loading it into a Spectrum emulator, Barry could enter and compile Fortran on this platform for the first time in decades! Here is the source code for a program that computes prime numbers

Here it is running

and here we have Barry giving the sales pitch on the advanced functionality of this compiler :)

How to get the compiler

Barry has made the compiler, and scans of the documentation, available at http://gitlab.com/b-rowlingson/mirafortran

I recently wrote a blog post for my new employer, The Numerical Algorithms Group, called twitter怎么注册账号，上推特教程.doc百度云_百度网盘下载 ...:2 天前 · twitter怎么注册账号，上推特教程.doc百度云网盘下载，资源大小580.00 KB，搜索盘不提供保存服务，twitter怎么注册账号，上推特教程.doc下载地址将自动跳到百度云网盘下载。. It’s a demonstration that shows how choosing the right specialist solver for your problem rather than using a general purpose one can lead to a speed up of well over 100 times!  The example is written in Python but the NAG routines used can be called from a range of languages including C,C++, Fortran, MATLAB etc etc

• The blog post: http://www.nag.co.uk/content/exploiting-matrix-structure-solution-linear-systems
• Corresponding Jupyter notebook: http://github.com/numericalalgorithmsgroup/NAGPythonExamples/blob/master/linear_algebra/real_toeplitz_solve.ipynb